0DTE——华尔街在玩一种很新的东西,风险堪比“在压路机前捡硬币”

高风险期权风靡华尔街,一场潜在的股市风暴恐正在酝酿中。

如今,华尔街的交易员们正蜂拥而入一种“零日到期期权 (0DTEs) ”。顾名思义,这类期权的到期时间只剩下不到24小时,意味着它可以在短短几个小时内获得巨额回报,因此也被称为“像乐透彩票一样”。

然而,天上不会掉馅饼,这种期权带来高收益的同时,交易者也必须承担背后的巨大风险。摩根大通此前警告称,这种短期期权交易量的爆炸式增长可能造成与2018年初同一级别的市场灾难。

并且,0DTE只是衍生品市场的“冰山一角”,其潜在巨大风险所引爆的市场危机,将是人们无法想象的。在许多分析师看来,0DTE正在成为嵌入市场的定时炸弹,在华尔街的上空滴答作响。

什么是零日到期期权(0DTEs)?

零日到期期权 (0DTEs) 是在交易当天到期并失效的期权合约,这意味着期权的到期时间只剩下不到24小时。当期权到达这一阶段时,交易者并没有多少时间来买入或卖出标的资产,交易过程需要十分迅速。

交易员们通常将其视为一种针对经济数据发布和美联储会议等可能影响市场的事件进行策略性押注的方式。许多交易员十分青睐这种期权,因为到期前的最后一天是投资期权的最佳时机。他们有机会迅速利用头寸,并在短期内占用资金;在同一天进行交易和退出交易也消除了价格在一夜之间波动的风险。

交易量的飙升

随着0DTE的兴起,一些华尔街人士担心,标普500指数等规模最大、流动性最强的股票指数日益频繁地出现超大幅度的每日波动,这让美国股市变得更加动荡和脆弱。有人甚至担心,它们可能会导致市场崩盘,对市场稳定产生深远影响。

0DTE在2021年的模因股票(Meme Stocks)热潮中首先由散户交易员采用,在大型基金经理中广受欢迎。Meme Stocks 通常因炒作而定价过高,并在短时间内经历快速增长的峰值,如AMC、游戏驿站(GameStop)等。它们在千禧一代中很受欢迎,容易出现高波动性,估值基于潜力(话题性)而非财务状况。

根据芝加哥期权交易所全球市场(Cboe Global Markets)的数据,随着美国股市从去年1月的创纪录高点开始跌入熊市区间,与标普500指数挂钩的0DTE的日均交易量在2022年大幅飙升。

高盛的数据显示,去年第一季度,0DTE仅占Cboe标普500指数期权日均交易量的22.5%;而到去年第四季度末,这一比例已升至44%,几乎翻了一倍。芝加哥商品交易所(CME Group)股票指数产品全球主管 Paul Woolman 表示,在2023年初,0DTE的交易量仍在持续攀升。

(图片来源:高盛)

CME和Cboe为满足日益增长的需求,为一些最受欢迎的美国股指和ETF提供了每日到期的期权。CME的一位代表称,该交易所计划今年增加更多的每日到期期权。

CME高级副总裁兼衍生品和全球客户服务主管 Arianne Adams 表示,该交易所的客户一直希望增加更多的每日到期期权,因为这让交易员更具“战术性”,交易更“精确”。

“在压路机前捡硬币”

0DTE如此受欢迎的一个原因是,当利率逐渐走高时,在利率为零或接近零时的有效交易策略不再适用。去年,美股长期以来的涨势戛然而止,出现了更为剧烈的双向波动。因此,交易员们开始寻找新的投资方式。

交易员 Ernie Varitimos 经营着一个专门交易0DTE的Twitter账户,他向媒体表示,正是这种“不对称”风险吸引了他:

“这是一种可以以很小的风险换取很大回报的交易。”

从风险管理的角度来看,交易是一个相互的过程,风险也是两面的。当一个交易者买入期权时,另一个交易者卖出期权。期权购买者的损失是有上限的,因为在最坏的情况下,期权到期时毫无价值,购买者可以放弃行使期权,从而将损失限制在已支付的保费内。

而另一边,不进行风险对冲的期权卖出者面临的风险要高得多。看涨期权卖出者理论上面临的损失是没有上限的,因为相关资产的价格没有上限,而如果期权购买方执行期权,看跌期权卖出者也可能遭受重大损失。鉴于期权的风险是无限的,这给卖出期权的做市商和交易员带来了重大的风险管理问题。

野村证券跨资产策略和全球股票衍生品董事总经理 Charlie McElligott 在谈到出售这些期权的相关风险时表示:

“这就像在压路机前捡硬币。”

“波动性末日”(Volmageddon 2.0)

上周三,摩根大通首席市场策略师兼全球研究联席主管 Marko Kolanovic 警告称,短期期权交易正在呈爆炸式增长,并可能造成与2018年初同一级别的市场灾难——0DTE越来越受欢迎可能引发“Volmageddon 2.0”。

2018年2月,一个名为 VelocityShare Daily Inverse VIX Short Term ETN (XIV) 的追踪波动率基金,因为市场下跌至接近赎回线而遭到抛售,做市商在操作的同时推高了风险,引发“滚雪球”效应,并使这一产品最终遭到赎回。

这场危机导致道琼斯工业指数单日暴跌1175.21点,跌幅为4.6%,创下截至当时的历史最大单日跌幅;标普500指数在两周内大跌10%,被市场称为“波动性末日”(Volmageddon)。

Kolanovic 在报告中写道:

虽然历史不会重演,但它往往是押韵(即重复)的。这些每日和每周期权一旦卖出,将对市场产生类似的影响。

Kolanovic 的模型显示,0DTE的每日名义交易量目前约为1万亿美元。一旦市场出现大幅下跌,做市商被迫平仓引爆的危机,0DTE可能带来盘中300亿美元的卖盘规模。

(图片来源:摩根大通)

Kolanovic 指出,如果这些期权进入资金后出现大幅波动,而卖家无法支撑这些头寸,那么被迫回补将导致规模非常大的定向流动:“鉴于当前流动性较低的环境,这些资金流动可能对市场产生特别大的影响。”

正如 Kolanovic、McElligott等人解释的那样,0DTE的一个问题是其波动性非常大,这意味着标普500指数的小幅波动就可能使这些期权价值出现巨大波动——可以在几分钟内从毫无价值变为天价。

道琼斯市场数据公司的数据显示,去年标普500指数有122个日涨跌幅度均在1%或以上,为2008年以来最多,是20年平均水平65.6日的近两倍。这一趋势在2023年仍在持续——标普500指数今年以来已经出现了15次1%或以上的上下波动,这是自2016年以来年初最多的一次。

人们担心的是,如果美国股市出现特别剧烈和意外的波动,0DTE期权的交易量可能会破坏做市商们的风险对冲,导致市场突然出现闪电式的崩盘或波动性的螺旋式上升。

期权市场数据和分析提供商 OptionMetrics 的定量研究主管 Garrett DeSimone 向媒体表示:

我们还没有看到系统性风险出现,但有人担心,如果每天都有很大的波动,就像我们在2020年3月看到的那样,我们真的不知道做市机制会如何反应。

0DTE Options Strategy: A Guide for Traders

0DTE Options Strategy: A Guide for Traders

Options are contracts that give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price and time. Options can be used for various purposes, such as hedging, speculation, income generation, or portfolio diversification.

One of the factors that affect the value of an option is time decay. Time decay is the decrease in the option’s price as it approaches its expiration date. The closer the option is to expiration, the faster it loses value due to time decay.

Some traders use a strategy called 0DTE options, which stands for zero days to expiration. This means that they buy or sell options on the same day that they expire. This strategy can be risky, but also potentially profitable, depending on the market conditions and the trader’s skill.

The main advantage of 0DTE options is that they are very cheap compared to longer-term options. This means that traders can use a small amount of capital to gain exposure to a large number of underlying assets. For example, if a stock is trading at $100 and a 0DTE call option with a strike price of $101 costs $0.01, then a trader can buy 100 contracts for $100 and control 10,000 shares of the stock.

The main disadvantage of 0DTE options is that they have a very low probability of success. Most of the time, the options will expire worthless or with minimal value, resulting in a loss for the trader. The trader needs to be very accurate in predicting the direction and magnitude of the price movement of the underlying asset in order to make a profit.

Another challenge of 0DTE options is that they are subject to high volatility and liquidity risk. Volatility is the measure of how much the price of an asset fluctuates over time. Liquidity is the measure of how easily an asset can be bought or sold without affecting its price. High volatility and low liquidity can make it difficult for traders to enter or exit their positions at favorable prices.

Therefore, 0DTE options are not suitable for beginners or risk-averse traders. They require a lot of experience, discipline, and market knowledge to execute successfully. Traders who use this strategy should have a clear trading plan, a strict risk management system, and a well-defined exit strategy.

0DTE options can be an exciting and rewarding way to trade options, but they also come with significant risks and challenges. Traders who are interested in this strategy should do their own research, practice on a demo account, and start with small positions until they gain confidence and skill.

SPX 0DTE Trade Definitions

Credit: The net premium received when selling to open the credit spread.

Credit = (Bidshort - Asklong) * 100

Max. Loss: The risk and maximum loss of the credit spread, incurred if both legs expire in the money.

Max. Loss = (ABS(Strikeshort - Strikelong) * 100) - Credit

R/R: The return-to-risk ratio of the credit spread.

R/R = Credit / Max. Loss

Prob. OTM: The approximate chance of the short leg option expiring out of the money and the full credit being retained.

Prob. OTM = (1 - N(d2short)) * 100

The main factors in the risk-neutral probability calculation for a credit spread are the underlying’s price relative to the short strike, the underlying’s volatility as implied by its near-term options, and the time remaining until expiration.

The drift factor of the formula is determined by the risk-free interest rate, and if applicable, the underlying’s dividend yield.

s = Underlying price.
k = Strike price.
t = Time remaining until expiration.
r = Continuously compounded risk-free interest rate.
q = Continuously compounded dividend yield.
v = Volatility.
N = Cumulative distribution function.

d2 = (LOG(s / (s + ABS(s - k))) + (t * (q - r - ((v ** 2) / 2)))) / (v * SQRT(t))

The model assumes random movement in the underlying without influence from catalytic events occurring before expiration, such as an earnings report or unexpected news. It reflects the expected moneyness at the time of expiration only, and not the probability of the short option moving into the money at least once before expiration and possibly being exercised.

If applicable, the underlying’s next estimated earnings report date is displayed in the row below.


(EV) Expected Value: The average credit retained per trade after factoring in expected losses.

Vertical credit spreads:

EV = (Credit * (1 - N(d2short))) - (Max. Loss * N(d2long)) - (MIN((ABS(Strikeshort - Strikelong) * (1 / (1 + (N(d2short) / N(d2long))))) * 100, Max. Loss) * (N(d2short) - N(d2long)))

Diagonal credit spreads:

EV = (Credit * (1 - N(d2short))) - (Max. Loss * N(d2long)) - ((MIN((ABS(Strikeshort - Strikelong) * (1 / (1 + (N(d2short) / N(d2long))))) * 100, Max. Loss) - expected extrinsic value of long leg at short expiration) * (N(d2short) - N(d2long)))

This interpolation is the sum of the results of a credit spread’s three possible outcomes.

  1. Short leg expires OTM: The full credit is retained.
  2. Both legs expire ITM: The maximum loss is incurred.
  3. Short leg only expires ITM: The price of the underlying at expiration is in between the strikes. A submaximal loss equal to the payout of the short leg is incurred.

    For vertical credit spreads in this situation which aren’t comprised of cash-settled index options, additional losses could occur due to pin risk since the hedging long leg has expired worthless. To mitigate this risk, close positions that are near the money at expiration.

    The expected value for diagonal credit spreads in this situation benefits from the remaining time value of the long leg offsetting the cost of the short leg’s exercise.

A positive expected value indicates a statistical edge and profitability over time, meaning enough credit is collected on each iteration of the trade to offset its potential losses excluding commissions.


(ER) Expected Return: The expected value per trade relative to the capital risked.

ER = (EV / Max. Loss) * 100


(AER) Annualized Expected Return: The expected return with respect to the time remaining until expiration, representing the capital efficiency of the trade.

AER = (((1 + (ER / 100)) ^ (1 / (business days until expiration / 252))) - 1) * 100


(POP) Probability Of Profit: The approximate chance of the underlying price being at least $0.01 away from the break-even price of the credit spread at expiration.

Call credit spreads:

POP = (1 - N(d2breakeven)) * 100

Put credit spreads:

POP = (1 - N(-d2breakeven)) * 100


(BE) Breakeven: The break-even price of the credit spread.

Call credit spreads:

BE = Strikeshort + Net

Put credit spreads:

BE = Strikeshort - Net


Net: The market price of the credit spread.

Net = Bidshort - Asklong


Bid: The bid price of the short leg option.


Ask: The ask price of the long leg option.

(IVP) Implied Volatility Percentile: The percentage of days over the past year when the underlying had a 30-day implied volatility value lower than its current level.


(IVR) Implied Volatility Rank: The underlying’s current 30-day implied volatility relative to its highest and lowest levels over the past year.


(IVSP) Implied Volatility Skew Percentile: The percentage of days over the past six calendar months when the underlying had a 30-day implied volatility skew lower than its current level. This is a comparative measure of investors’ directional sentiment and is derived from the underlying’s ratio of OTM and ITM implied volatility.

The sentiment is displayed in the row below, with percentiles 0-39, 40-59, and 60-99 representing a bullish, neutral, and bearish outlook respectively.

To the right of the sentiment is the time since the underlying’s options were scanned, representing the age of the data. Hover to reveal the exact time of the last update.

 

S&P 500 Index Options – SPX

Cboe’s SPX® options products provide investors with the tools to gain efficient exposure to the U.S. equity market and execute risk management, hedging, asset allocation, and income generation strategies.

Symbol:
SPX

Underlying:
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index is a capitalization-weighted index of 500 stocks from a broad range of industries. The component stocks are weighted according to the total market value of their outstanding shares. The impact of a component’s price change is proportional to the issue’s total market value, which is the share price times the number of shares outstanding. These are summed for all 500 stocks and divided by a predetermined base value. The base value for the S&P 500 Index is adjusted to reflect changes in capitalization resulting from mergers, acquisitions, stock rights, substitutions, etc.

Multiplier:
$100.

Premium Quote:
Stated in decimals. One point equals $100. Minimum tick for options trading below 3.00 is 0.05 ($5.00) and for all other series, 0.10 ($10.00).

Strike Prices:
In-,at- and out-of-the-money strike prices are initially listed. New series are generally added when the underlying trades through the highest or lowest strike price available.

Strike Price Intervals:
Five points. 25-point intervals for far months.

Expiration Months:
Up to twelve (12) near-term months. In addition, the Exchange may list up to ten (10) SPX LEAPS® expiration months that expire from 12 to 60 months from the date of issuance.

Expiration Date:
The third Friday of the expiration month.

Exercise Style:
European – SPX options generally may be exercised only on the expiration date.

Last Trading Day:
Trading in SPX options will ordinarily cease on the business day (usually a Thursday) preceding the day on which the exercise-settlement value is calculated.

Settlement Value:
Exercise will result in delivery of cash on the business day following expiration. The exercise-settlement value, SET, is calculated using the opening sales price in the primary market of each component security on the expiration date. The exercise-settlement amount is equal to the difference between the exercise-settlement value and the exercise price of the option, multiplied by $100.

Position and Exercise Limits:
No position and exercise limits are in effect.

Margin:
Purchases of puts or calls with 9 months or less until expiration must be paid for in full. Writers of uncovered puts or calls must deposit / maintain 100% of the option proceeds* plus 15% of the aggregate contract value (current index level x $100) minus the amount by which the option is out-of-the-money, if any, subject to a minimum for calls of option proceeds* plus 10% of the aggregate contract value and a minimum for puts of option proceeds* plus 10% of the aggregate exercise price amount. (*For calculating maintenance margin, use option current market value instead of option proceeds.) Additional margin may be required pursuant to Exchange Rule 12.10.

Cusip Number:
648815

Trading Hours:
Extended Hours: 2:00 a.m. to 8:15 a.m. Central time (Chicago time).
Regular Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. Central time (Chicago time).

Mini-SPX Index Options (XSP)

The Cboe Mini-SPX option contract, known by its symbol XSP, is an index option product designed to track the underlying S&P 500 Index. At 1/10 the size of the standard SPX options contract, XSP provides greater flexibility for new index options traders or traders managing an individual portfolio.

XSP Weekly Options

Whether it’s trading around specific events, such as earnings announcements or economic data reports, or executing overwriting or spread-trading strategies, Cboe XSP weekly options allow traders the granularity to more closely tailor their trades to meet their needs. And for traders executing premium collection strategies, XSP weekly options provide the opportunity to collect premium 52 times per year rather than 12.

XSP weekly options are offered with Monday, Wednesday, and Friday settlements. For Friday settlements, options contract expirations occur on non-standard Friday expirations throughout the year. Similarly, Monday and Wednesday XSP Weeklys options settlements may expire on any Monday or Wednesday of the month, other than a Monday or Wednesday that coincides with an end-of-month expiration date.

XSP Monday, Wednesday and Friday Weeklys options are typically listed on Friday, Tuesday and Thursday, respectively and will expire on their expiration date. If a standard or EOM options contract settlement exists in a week that coincides with a typical Weekly expiration date, a Weekly expiration will not exist on that expiration day. (The term Weeklys refers to the fact that the contracts are listed every week, not that they are a seven-day contract). Settlement processes for XSP weeklys are the same as their standard options counterparts (index, ETF, etc.).

Trading XSP

XSP options trade on Cboe’s Hybrid Trading System, which provides investors with the combined advantages of electronic trading and an open-outcry market on a single platform. XSP options also trade on the EDGX exchange.

XSP Options Product Specifications

Symbol: XSP

Underlying:
The Mini-SPX Index, based on 1/10th the value of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (SPX). The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index is a capitalization-weighted index of 500 stocks from a broad range of industries. The component stocks are weighted according to the total market value of their outstanding “free float” shares.

Multiplier:
$100.

Strike Price Intervals:
Generally, $1 or greater where the strike price is $200 or less and $5.00 or greater where the strike price is greater than $200. For XSP weekly contracts, the lowest strike price interval Cboe may list is $0.50.

Strike (Exercise) Prices:
In-, at- and out-of-the-money strike prices are initially listed. New strikes can be added as the index moves up or down.

Premium Quotation:
Stated in decimals. One point equals $100. The minimum tick for XSP options is 0.01 ($1.00) for all series, including LEAPS.

Exercise Style:
European – Mini-SPX Index options generally may be exercised only on the expiration date.

Last Trading Days:
The last trading day for Standard, Weekly and End-of-Month (EOM) XSP options is their expiration date. On their last trading day, trading in expiring XSP options closes at 4:00 p.m. ET.

Expiration Dates for Standard, Weekly and EOM Options:
Standard XSP options expire on the third Friday of the expiration month or the immediately preceding business day if the Exchange is not open on that Friday. XSP Weekly options expire on a Monday, Wednesday, or a Friday. If the Exchange is not open on a Wednesday or Friday, the normally expiring Wednesday or Friday Weekly will expire on the immediately preceding business day. If the Exchange is not open on a Monday, the normally expiring Monday XSP Weekly will expire on the first business day immediately following that Monday. EOM XSP options expire on the last business day of the expiration month.

Expiration Months:
Cboe may list up to six expiration months of XSP options at one time. Weekly options (End-of-Week, Wednesday Weekly), EOM options and LEAPS may also be listed.

Settlement of Option Exercise:
Exercise will result in delivery of cash on the business day following expiration. The exercise settlement value, XSP, is one-tenth (1/10th) the official closing price of the S&P 500 Index as reported by Standard & Poor’s on the last trading day of the expiring series. The exercise settlement amount is equal to the difference between the exercise-settlement value and the exercise price of the option, multiplied by $100.

Position Limit:
No position and exercise limits are in effect.

Margin:
Purchases of puts or calls with 9 months or less until expiration must be paid for in full. Writers of uncovered puts or calls must deposit / maintain 100% of the option proceeds* plus 15% of the aggregate contract value (current index level x $100) minus the amount by which the option is out-of-the-money, if any, subject to a minimum for calls of option proceeds* plus 10% of the aggregate contract value and a minimum for puts of option proceeds* plus 10% of the aggregate exercise price amount. (*For calculating maintenance margin, use option current market value instead of option proceeds.) Additional margin may be required pursuant to Exchange Rules 12.3(h) and 12.10.

CUSIP Number:
12505Q

XSP Trading Hours:
9:30 a.m. – 4:15 p.m. Eastern Time. On the last trading day, trading hours for expiring XSP standard, weekly and EOM options are 15 minutes shorter from 9:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

SPX 0DTE strategy

What is SPX 0DTE strategy?

SPX weekly options that expire on every Monday, Wednesday and Friday we trade them on the day it expires. So, there is no overnight risk. Usually we open a credit spread when the market open around 9:30 A.M EST, and we close the trade before market close same day around 4:00 P.M EST. That is why it is called 0DTE, AKA same day option trade.

Why 0DTE strategy?

1. Can Profit if SPX increase, decrease, or doesn’t move at all. (High probability of making money)

2. Limited loss potential. Never worry about “blowing up” when the market makes a huge move (assuming appropriate position size)

3. Very simple strategy. The two primary credit spread strategies only have two components.

4. Consistent daily/weekly income. (why i started trading this strategy personally 🙂 )

What is SPX?

SPX, or the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, is a stock index based on the 500 largest companies with shares listed for trading on the NYSE or NASDAQ. The term “largest” refers to each firm’s market capitalization or its stock price multiplied by the number of shares it has outstanding.

The SPX itself may not trade, but both futures contracts and options certainly do.

Why SPX?

1. SPX Options expire on every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.

2. SPX pays no Dividend.

3. SPX Cash Settled when the market closes at 4:00 P.M EST.

No risk of early assignment and loss of dividends, no portfolio disruption on assignment.

What is a Credit Spread?

A credit spread where we sell an option at one strike and simultaneously buy an option at another. The way we use this in the SPX Spread Trader is to use a 5 pt spread between the 2 strike prices. So if we are selling a 3100 call we are purchasing a 3105 call at the same time. By entering these two trades as a single credit spread order, there is only a single commission cost. The difference in prices between these two options provides a net credit to your account. The beauty of this approach, is that there is no price movement in the SPX required to be profitable. SPX can go flat or have little movement at all, and our trade will still be profitable. All we need is for the SPX to close below 3100 (in this example), and both options will expire worthless and we retain the credit.

SELL TO OPEN -1 SPX NOV 15 2019 3100 CALL

BUY TO OPEN +1 SPX NOV 15 2019 3105 CALL

Net credit of $0.60. max loss:$4.40

in this example, we are investing $500 to open a bear call spread, receiving $60, and risking $440. as long as SPX stays below 3100 at 4:00p.m. EST, we will keep $60.

Most of the time, we don’t wait till market close. We close the trade at 50-60% profit target, and 2-2.5X credit stop loss.

in this example, we would close it for $0.20. So, we would make 0.60-0.20=$0.40 profit. OR, we would stopped out at $1.50 which is at 1.50-0.60=$90 loss.

81%

Trade Win Ratio

* Around 20 delta

6%

Avg Returns / Trade

* $30 (profit) / $500 (investment)

50%

Profit Target

* 0.60 (credit received) x 0.5 = 0.30 (profit)

2x – 2.5x

STOP LOSS

* 0.60 credit received x 2.5 = 1.5 (stop loss) – 0.60 (credit received) = 0.90 (net loss 🙁 )